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In this Discussion
- Cheers June 2017
- DevilsParadise June 2017
- ElementalStables June 2017
- fj1482 June 2017
- GrandenPark June 2017
- ObsidianKitsune June 2017
- SandycreekFarm June 2017
- Wildland Acres June 2017
- WindwardFarm June 2017
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Heterozygous vs Homozygous
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I know that heterozygous has two copies of the genes, so it's like AA or aa and that homozygous has only one copy, so it's Aa but how can I tell if a horse is heterozygous or homozygous? Is one more valuable then the other? How do I breed for a certain one?
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Actually its the other way around Homo meaning same and Het meaning different. Breeding for homo or het can depending on what gene your talking about. I wouldn't say one is more valuable over another. It really depends on who you talk to.Thanked by 1BlueJumpingBean
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It depends if you want all one color or want variety. I prefer horses homo for black, kinda indifferent on homo or het dun, and would prefer het bay horses to homo because I also like getting black and grullas.
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How I breed for say A+, which is the wild bay gene. It's a popular gene because other genes like DP do funny things when combined with it. I line breed. So I pick one stallion and and match him up with mares I find. My Inferno line is my A+ line. I picked a stallion who was Homo A+. I think I GMTed him to be homo A+ and I found as many mares as I could who had het A+ and some who had none. I then bred that group many times. Held back the best and kept only those who were Het A+ or Homo A+. Then if I had a stallion who was homo A+ I would use him and breed to all his sisters who were het A+. #rd gen I would only keep foals who were Homo A+. I would have then achieved my goal by my 3rd gen and move on to the next thing for that herd.
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That is with dominant genes (one copy will show) if you are breeding for recessive genes (chestnut, pearl, snowflake...) then you will need two genes to be able to see and so you will want homo horses, because a heterozygous red horse is still black.
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Some important genetic concepts.
Every horse has two copies of every gene.
Many of the color genes that we work with in the game are actually mutations of the original, ancient gene found in the oldest species of horses. Some of them, Kit and Frame for example, have other important functions in the development of a foal before it is born. The white that Kit can cause is because the gene is broken somewhere. Frame lies on a chromosome whose job has to do with the development of a foal's digestive system. Two copies of the mutation prevent proper development of that organ complex. A single copy affects the distribution of white and colored hairs that gives the typical Overo pattern.
A foal gets one copy of every gene from its sire and a second copy of the gene from its dam. Most genes have a dominant form which will be expressed even if the horse has only one copy of that variant. The recessive form of the gene can only be expressed if the horse inherits two recessive copies. Agouti, Cream, Kit, and MITF (splash 1 and 3) have more than two variants.
The advantage homozygous copies of most color and pattern genes is that you know exactly what the stallion or mare will pass on to their foal. A disadvantage of some genes is that they are lethal when homozygous--Frame, for instance, or Splash 2 and Splash 3, and the more extreme Kit spotted white mutations.
In order to breed for a specific color or pattern so that all foals will have it, make sure that both parents are homozygous for the dominant form of the gene (unless being homozygous for the dominant form is lethal). (See the next paragraph for the exceptions.) So if you want to be sure of breeding black horses, for instance, both parents should be homozygous dominant extension (EE -black), homozygous recessive agouti (aa), and have no dominant copies of the dilution genes cream, dun, silver, or champagne. The darkening genes Sooty and DP will have no visible effect on black horses.
Flaxen and Satin are genes that only affect the color of a horse when they are homozygous recessive. Flaxen only lightens the manes on chestnut horses (homozygous recessive extension-ee) and has no effect on black horses, although they may carry it. Homozygous recessive Satin will affect all colors.De gustibus non disputandum. "There's no arguing about tastes."
SandyCreek Farm: ID# 441
also playing H&J1 as SandyCreek Acres: ID# 137592 -
Pearl is also homozygous recessive and only affects a horse's color if that horse has 2 copies of Pearl or one copy of Pearl and one copy of cream. Kit promoter and snowflake are both homozygous recessive as well but those are patterns and not colors.Thanked by 1SandycreekFarm
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if its homozygous then the genes would look like AA and if homozygous receive aa if heterozygous the gene would look like Aa
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Yes, recessive gene are lower case and dominate genes are capital, most of the time. I think it's all the time for the game but I know other animals have some funky things that don't like rules lol.
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The use of capital letters for the dominant form of a gene and lower case for the recessive form is not universal, however, although it is common, in the game and in real life. Several colors and/or patterns use other conventions for their symbols.
Here are some notable exceptions.
Sooty--S signifies no sooty effect. Ssty signifies the presence of the effect. I believe that Ssty is an incomplete dominant, meaning that homozygous Ssty produces more darkening than heterozygous Ssty. S^+ is the most dominant of the three Sooty alleles.
Cream--C signifies no dilution effect. Ccr signifies some dilution of the coat color. CcrCcr signifies the most dilution of coat color. Once again, this is an incomplete dominant gene. Cprl, the third variant is recessive to all the other alleles in this family. It shows its effect only when homozygous CprlCprl. When paired with Ccr, it will increase the dilution of the coat color to a point that is about equal to homozygous Ccr. This effect is called pseudo double dilute. The cream variants affect red hair the most, and are usually most visible on black horses when homozygous CcrCcr.
Kit--the unmutated form of the gene is referenced by this term. Hyperscripts (smaller raised letters and/or numbers) are used to name the specific mutations of this gene. All mutations are dominant to the unmutated gene.
Splash--another gene with multiple variants. Sp is the unmutated or wild form. Sp^s is the mutated allele that produces the characteristic bottom up white hairs. Sp^s3 is a second, different mutation of the splash gene. Sp^M is the new Macchiato splash gene introduced this month.
Splash 2--a separate gene that has approximately the same appearance as the other two splash genes. PAX3+ is the notation for the wild, unmutated gene. PAX3^C7OY is the notation for the mutated form.
Rabicano--rb is the recessive, unmutated allele. Rb is the dominant, mutated allele.
Frame--O is the unmutated form of the gene. Olw is the dominant mutated form. However, Frame only effects horses that have other genes that can cause white hair to form--particularly Splash varieties and the white spotting mutations of Kit. It does not show as much effect with tobiano and roan. It is possible for a horse to possess Olw with no effect on the horse's appearance. Hence, we sometimes call it the ninja gene.
Appaloosa--L means no appaloosa mutation. L^lp is the presence of this mutated form.
ECA3P--the gene that affects the presence and size of an the blanket on a horse with Lp. The wild, unmutated gene is signified by ECA3P^+. The mutated form is ECA3P^PATN1.
There are two genes that only show an effect when the recessive allele is homozygous.
Flaxen--affects chestnut horses. F is the dominant allele. The typical lightening of mane an tale on chestnut horses is caused by homozygous recessive flaxen--ff.
Satin--affects all colors. Sa is the dominant allele. Horses carrying the homozygous recessive allele, sasa, will show the metallic shimmer effect.
If I've forgotten anything or made some mistakes, I hope someone will come along and correct me.
De gustibus non disputandum. "There's no arguing about tastes."
SandyCreek Farm: ID# 441
also playing H&J1 as SandyCreek Acres: ID# 137592Thanked by 1BlueJumpingBean -
Ok so an easy way to remember the difference is this: Homo = gay = same. I know it's weird but I thought about that when first learning genetics in high school and it has stuck with me. A good way to remember it though...Producer of Volcanic Glass Drafts. Lapisobsidianus.
Prices are almost always negotiable. -
That's not weird at all! That's literally where the terms homosexual and heterosexual come from, so it's actually quite a sensible way to remember the genetic terms.
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I want to build up the pearl gene in my herd, so I used tokens to mess with my King's Ransom stud. I made him hom for pearl, then dropped off the champagne, just because I didn't want it. I think he looks cool :)
DP Knights Legend -
He's lovely!De gustibus non disputandum. "There's no arguing about tastes."
SandyCreek Farm: ID# 441
also playing H&J1 as SandyCreek Acres: ID# 137592Thanked by 1DevilsParadise -
Good job! That's what I did to my boy too. I left the champagne on mine though because that's the herd I'm putting him in. It's way cheaper to spend the GMT's on the stallion then find mares who only need the genes you gtmed on and breed. By the 3rd generation you should start to get foals like the foundation stallion.
WO1 The Kings Jewel -
Wow he's cool. :)
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This was my first time messing with the GTMs. I had wanted to use them on my Bonefire stud, but I stupidly bred him, then decided I wanted to take off the GG. Oh, well. If I get another with brindle, I'll drop the G off so I can see it.
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You can always breed with the idea of getting a Bonefire offspring like the RS without GG. It would take you till 3rd generation to get gg and then hope and pray one eventually comes out brindle but it can be done.
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If you want to take the gray off your Bonefire stud, you can GMT him if you sell all his foals back to the game. If you've only bred him a few times and you own all his foals, I would definitely go that route, especially if you don't care for gray.
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Oh I didn't know selling back to the game did that. Cool. I might have to consider that
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It takes a couple hours for the foals to disappear, but it's a great option if you decide to GMT after just a couple of foals.
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I can't get them out of auction now :( Oh well. I'll just GMT if a foal has brindle and passes all the tests.
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@DevilsParadise if no one buys the foals, they get sold back to the game and deleted which would be the same as selling back to the game. That is only if no one buys them, however.Producer of Volcanic Glass Drafts. Lapisobsidianus.
Prices are almost always negotiable. -
Ooo so there's a chance:)
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Your Bonefire stud doesn't have any foals listed on his family page which means that no one bought them and they were all sold back to the game. If you still want to GMT him, you can since he no longer has any living foals.
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Lol I did. He's still got cream on him, so I can't see the stripes, but no more gray :)